Which of the following is an example of summative testing?

Summative testing is designed to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. It assesses the cumulative knowledge, skills, and abilities that students have acquired over a specific period or after a particular learning experience.

An end-of-chapter test is a clear example of summative assessment, as it is administered after all the content in the chapter has been taught. This test aims to measure what students have learned and retained from that material. The results from such assessments are often used to determine whether students can move forward in their education based on the knowledge they have demonstrated.

In contrast, daily quizzes are typically formative assessments; they are meant to gauge student understanding of the material on a regular basis throughout the learning process rather than at the conclusion of a unit. Informal observations and classroom discussions also serve formative purposes, offering opportunities for teachers to adjust instruction based on immediate student feedback and engagement rather than providing a final measure of learning.